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Dopo aver studiato e fatto apprendistato a Parigi,
Theodoros Anghelopoulos
tornò in patria a
dirigere Anasparastasi/ Ricostruzione di Un Delitto (1970), dramma di ambiente contadino tratto dal Postman di Cain ma
influenzato dalla tragedia classica (Eschilo) e dal documentario antropologico di Rouch, fra le righe del
quale si legge una dura condanna del regime politico.
L'ispirazione ideologica si fa esplicita nella trilogia storica che ha inizio con Meres Tu '36/ I Giorni Del '36 (1972), cioè dalla dittatura degli anni '30. Per l'omicidio di regime di un sindacalista viene ingiustamente accusato un ambiguo reietto, il quale però si difende ferocemente, rapendo anche un deputato, prima di soccombere. Il suo stile composito (teatrale, letterario, politico e cinematografico, godardiano e jancsoiano) giunge al capolavoro con O Thiassos/ Traveling Players/ La Recita (1975) di quattro ore, ambientato durante la Guerra Mondiale, che, sulla falsariga dell'Orestiade, propone la Storia come un dramma a struttura ciclica di cui il presente non è che una delle fasi. FUndamentally, this is a tragedy of betrayal, at both national and personal levels. Its foundations are Aeschylus' Oresteia, but there is a lot of Fellini in the reminiscence of rural life and a lot of Brecht in the didactic presentation of the plot. A flashback brings back to the same town in 1939. Goebbels is about to visit the town. The actors are eating at a restaurant. The accordionist leads their singing. The local fascists run in the square singing fascist songs. Out of the restaurant the actors walk into a hotel. Then they stand at the balcony, staring at the yard. They rehearse the drama in the yard. At night a young lady wanders in the hotel and hears a couple make love. She's shocked (the woman is her mother): she slides down against the wall and cries alone. The lovers (later called Clytamnestra and Aegisthus) leave the room making sure nobody sees them. A soldier (later called Orestes) enters the room and wakes up his mother. A young woman hugs him and calls him Orestes (he calls her Golfo, the title of the play). Later, the soldier and two friends walk on the railway tracks to a wood, where they recite communist slogans. An old man walks towards them, greeted warmly. Fascists are walking downstairs carrying an ancient Greek bust. (The nicknames of the actors are taken from the Oresteia: the father Agamemnon, the adulterous mother Clytamnestra, her lover Aegisthus, the avenging daughter Elektra, the avenging son Orestes, and the other daughter Chrisothemis). The actors walk on stage, dressed in costumes. There is no audience. They start dancing at the sound of an accordion, introducing the story of Tassos and Golfo. They walk outside and mingle with the curious bystanders. Knocks like in the beginning, the accordion, the curtain opens and the play finally begins. Two people are being chased in the street, beaten, taken into a car. The actors take down the scenography. The actors travel in a train wagon with wood benches. One of them says that the Turks occupied Asia Minor in 1922, amd he had to flee, a refugee with no roof and no job. When the actors get off the train, a band is playing in the background1 and marching along the sea. There are flags at the balconies, and the church bells are ringing. The actors carrying their luggage walk into the crowd. Knocks in the dark. Voices of an audience. The presented dressed in a costune tells the audience that the Italians have invaded Greece. It is now 1940. The story of Golfo begins again, but air-raid sirens go off and the audience flees. One of the actors enrolls in the army. His wife laughs at him and he slaps her in the face. Then she opens her legs but he simply walks away in silence. A fascist walks into the room and has sex with the woman. A man in uniform follows a woman into a room. He attacks her and she resits him then she tells him to undress. He strips naked (long scene). She lets him finish and then walks out. At a balcony the authorities are ready in the fascist salute and wrapped in the swastick to greet a visitor (Goebbels?) The actors take a stroll by the sea. The electoral campaign tells us that we back to 1952. Back to war time, the German police walks into a theater and finds the actors sleeping on the floor: informers have told the Germans that an Englishman is hiding there. The actors walk on stage and recite sentences from the play, one at a time, some still dressed in their robe (to prove that they are indeed Greek actors). One of the actresses bites the ear of one of the actors (Aegisthus), accusing him of being an informer. The father is executed by the Germans: Agamennon. Aegisthus has turned him in to the Germans, probably for something that Agamennon never did (sheltering the Englishman). The actors walk in the streets, always well dressed and silent. A man, escaped from prison, hugs the daughter: he's a partisan and calls her Electra, and tells her that Orestes is in the mountains. A young woman knocks at a door: she gets a bottle from the owner of the business, and she has to strip and sing for him, while he masturbates in a rocking chair. As she walks out, two men shoot the pervert. She walks into another building and brings the bottle to the other actors. The actors are walking, dancing and singing along a snowy road, their luggage loaded on mules. They sing about Golfo. They find two men hanged by a tree in a little square. Hungry, they surround a chicken in the snow. Only the actors in the landscape. German soldiers stop a bus and arrest the passengers, including the actors. They take them inside a fort. The informer begs that he is an informer and cries. The soldiers grab him, he hides behind a woman. The Germans are about to shoot them, but the partisans attack. The following morning the Greeks celebrate the victory inside the fort: the Germans have left. The partisans arrive riding horses and are welcomed by the crowd. Fast forward to the electoral campaign: a bus followed by a crowd, chanting in favor of a government of national unity. In the main square of the town, a crowd assembles, singing and waving both American and Soviet flags to celebrate the liberation. The soldiers shoot and the crowd disbands, leaving a few bodies in the square. A Scotsman crosses the square playing his bagpipe. One of the "deads" gets up: he's carrying an accordion. From another street a crowd advances carrying red flags. They assemble in the same square, around the dead bodies, facing the place where the shots came from. In the middle of the night, the actors are trying to leave town unseen. Armed groups are moving in, and engage the armed people who are defending the town (British?). The invaders are repelled by motorized troops. The actors sneak away. As they are walking with their luggage on the beach, the actors are stopped by British soldiers. The coward actor screams that they are not communists. Once they understand that these are actors, the British soldiers ask them to perform the drama of Tassos and Golfo on the beach. At the end the accordionist intones "Roll Over the Barrel" and everybody dances. A shot and a British soldier falls dead: communist rebels are attacking again. Another performance of Golfo's drama, this time in front of a real audience: the actors are entertaining the British troops. An acress sneaks away and visits the headquarters of the rebels. In the middle of the night, she leads the rebel to the british barracks. People come out of a bar dancing at sensual Latin music, while the communists, unseen, spread through the town. Inside the building the actors are still perfoming Golfo. In the last scene of the play, an armed man shoots two of the actors. The audience gives them a standing ovation, as if it were the final act of the play, but the soldier was real, and the actors are truly dead. Orestes has taken his revenge: his mother and the traitor are dead. The surviving actors stand outside, speechless. Then they walk slowly to their room, without exchanging a single word (as usual). Two men, wearing masks, walk into the building. The camera stays in the hall. We hear the steps, a bang, more steps, voices. They kidnapped one of the actresses, the daughter referred to as Elektra. She is taken to a restaurant, held on the ground and raped by the man who interrogates her. They want to know about Orestes. She only replies that he is in the mountains. They dump her out of town, where she wakes up dirty and wounded. She gets up and starts narrating how in 1944 the British invaded Greece and the Greeks felt betrayed. When the British and the fascists shot on the crowds, the communist rebellion began in earnest. A lenghty scene follows that simply replays the political events of 1944. Horsemen ride into this scene: communist rebels who surrender. As the actress who was raped walks back home after an evening with the British troops, and sees a friend leave, a child walks by reading an episode of Greek history. The police walk into her room. They look around, sit on her couch for a while, and then, without saying a word, leave photographs of the man they are still looking for: the actor who joined the partisans. A comic Brecht-ian detour allegorically depicts the Greek civil war. In a restaurant, during the celebrations of new year's eve, right-wing and left-wing Greeks square off, singing each other's version of the fact, like in a musical. The right-wing is represented by a group of well-dressed middle-aged males. The left-wing is led by a handsome young man and consists of young males and females. They lead the restaurant's band into a frantic swing number. The right-wing pulls out a gun. The young man of the left wing shows that he carries no weapons. The left-wing crowd leaves, and the right-wing crowd tells the orchestra to play a slow, traditional dance, whose lyrics hail the national guard. The raped woman is outside, listening to the music. The accordionist approaches her. She tells him that Orestes has not surredered yet. In the morning, the right-wing crowd is walking home drunk in the empty (as usual) streets. As the shot ends, the communist rebellion has been defeated by the military, with help from the USA (several years have elapsed as these people were walking down the street to the square). British troops drive into town triumphantly, displaying the heads of two communist rebels. Dozens od others are marched prisoners into town. They are taken to the square and displayed to the townfolk. One of them is Orestes. The raped woman, Elektra, waits for a boat. A rebel gets off the boat. He has agreed to abandon the armed rebellion and has been released. A military band enters town playing a happy tune. The former rebel watches without a word. Then he starts narrating how he was arrested in 1947 and beaten because he didn't want to sign. He goes into a lengthy description of the tortures. Eventually, he gave up and signed. A wedding by the beach: an American soldier is marrying a Greek woman, the other daughter (Chrisothemis), who has a teenage son. The distressed son walks away dragging the table cloth (and thus all the dishes) behind him. He is a rebel like his uncle Orestes. The raped woman (Elektra) and the former rebel visit another, older communist leader. He speaks cryptic sentences about the revolution (and its failure). The raped woman (Elektra) is summoned in a prison, where she is notified that her brother (Orestes) is dead. She visits the dead man, and calls him Tassos. The actors bury the dead man, and clap their hands as the caretakers dig earth on the coffin. Fast forward to the electoral campaign. The actors are preparing yet another performance of the same play. They have hired a new actor, and the raped woman (Elektra) calls him Orestes: he is her nephew, her sister's rebellious son who repudiated her mother when she married an American officer. We hear the knocks again, but this time we also see the man who causes them with a hammer, as well as the accordionist: we see them backstage, instead of seeing the dark curtain from the front, as if Anghelopoulos wanted to show himself. The actors are again at the train station. "In the fall of 1939, we returned to Aegion. We were tired. We hadn't slept for two days." They stare around. The end. In a nutshell, the wife of the troupe's leader cheated on him with a fascist. The betrayed husband enrolled in the army. Their son Orestes became a leader of the resistance, and was eventually arrested and killed. (Is the troop back in Aegion for Orestes' funeral?) La dittatura dei colonnelli è al centro invece di I Kynighi/ Cacciatori (1977). O Megalexandros (1980) di nuovo 4 ore fonde sia pure nei modi più astratti dell'apologo e della metafora ancora una volta mito antico e storia moderna. Replica in un misero paese montuoso i riti del potere: Taxidi Sta Kithira (1984) non ha l'approccio solito liturgico-mitologico-collettivo-storico, ma è piuttosto una meditazione sull'amore e sulla morte; dall'epica all'elegia, dalla tragedia collettiva a quella individuale, raccontando la fine di un anziano esule politico. O Melissokomos (1986) e` la storia di un maestro di scuola (Mastroianni) isolato dalla famiglia, che a 60 anni può soltanto tornare alle sue radici, al mestiere di apicultore che fu di suo padre e che lui ha continuato tutte le primavere: si riappropria dei rituali di quel mestiere antico, e si mette in viaggio verso il Sud con le sue arnie, accoglie una autostoppista senza meta, che lo segue in quel viaggio per lo più silenzioso fra i ricordi del suo passato. L'unica a tentare di comunicare con lui è la ragazza, che accetta anche di fare l'amore (in un vecchio cinema diroccato del suo paese natale). Lui è senza futuro, lei senza passato. Il maestro si rende conto di non aver saputo tramandare la sua vita alla storia, e che nessuno, per esempio, continuerà la sua opera di apicultore: apre le arnie e si lascia divorare a morte dalle api. Simbolismo, solitudine dell'uomo davanti alla storia, amaro pessimismo sulle conseguenze della disgregazione della famiglia. To Pio Stin Omichli/ Landscape In The Mist (1988) Mia Aioniotita Kai Mia Mera/ Eternity and a Day (1998) |
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