Sonic Youth coined a style that came to be called "noise-rock". It was still abiding by the rules of rock and roll but it was hijacked by dissonant or discordant sounds. Notable purveyors of noise-rock in the second half of the decade were Nice Strong Arm; Rat At Rat R, whose Rock & Roll Is Dead (1985) was prophetic; Agitpop (1), whose Back At The Plain Of Jars (1986) was reminiscent of Half Japanese and Pianosaurus; Ritual Tension (1), whose I Live Here (1986) was devoted to clownish non-linear Pere Ubu-esque "dances"; Gut Bank (1), who recorded an album of amateurish but highly creative noise-rock, Dark Ages (1986), and pioneered the "riot-grrrrls" movement.

Robert Poss (a student of avantgarde composers Alvin Lucier, Phil Niblock and Rhys Chatam) led the triple-guitar attack of the Band Of Susans (13). The guitar tornadoes on the EP Blessing And Curse (1986) and on the full-length Hope Against Hope (1988) gave rock'n'roll a new twist, fusing minimalistic repetition, psychedelic vocals and guitar noise. The concept evoked the Velvet Underground (and even T.Rex), but the execution was loud, driving and discordant in a way that acknowledged hardcore and noise-rock. Their conversion to pop music, on Love Agenda (1989), was even more successful than Sonic Youth's, because catchy hooks and rock'n'roll rhythm were matched by grander noise, alternatively hypnotic/ethereal and metallic/neurotic. The Word And The Flesh (1991) and Veil (1993) capitalized on that alchemic combustion, further sharpening the guitars and polishing the melodies.

The False Virgins' Skinjob (1989) was representative of the flood of Sonic Youth imitators to come.

Of Cabbages And Kings (2) were masters of the dramatic tension, thanks to an eclectic fusion that reached out to hardcore as well as to jazz. The EP Of Cabbages And Kings (1988) and the mini-album Face (1988) were still reminiscent of their roots (Swans, Foetus, Glenn Branca), but an original and unpredictable style developed on Basic Pain Basic Pleasure (1990), a work so gripping, gloomy and arcane that seemed to be dedicated to mental disorders, and on Hunter's Moon (1992), very influenced by Foetus.

Spongehead (2), a guitar-sax-drums trio, crafted a loose fusion of blues, funk and jazz that resembled Pere Ubu's abstract pop-art on the tentative Potted Meat Spread (1989) and on the more mature Legitimate Beef (1990). Dave Henderson's tenor sax and Doug Henderson's atonal guitar worked wonders on Curb Your Dogma (1993), an emotional as well as technical miracle that ran the gamut from expressionist psychodramas to rowdy pow-wows. And Infinite Baffle (1996) even applied the group's recipe to roots-rock with boogie overtones a` la ZZ Top.

Finally, Alice Donut played hardcore via Frank Zappa.

Boston's noise-pop 1985-87

By the end of the decade noise-rock had already evolved into highly original and personal styles. The most influential bands, that would inspire hundreds of musicians (and particularly grunge musicians) in the following decade, came out of Boston.

Dinosaur Jr (13), formed by guitarist Joseph Mascis and bassist Lou Barlow, set the "noise-pop" standard of the 1990s (a merger of distortion and melody), and acted as the link between Sonic Youth and grunge. Mascis' Neil Young obsession (via the Meat Puppets) surfaced on Dinosaur (1985). Layers of loud feedback permeated each note of You're Living All Over Me (1987). Each song sounded like a languid acid-rock ballad grafted onto hard-rock spasms. Mascis unleashed unabashed pop melodies over orgiastic and fetishistic guitar noise. Bug (1988), the last album with Barlow (who went on to form Sebadoh), capitalized on that invention, that soon became one of the most abused stereotypes in rock music. Green Mind (1991), that was de facto Mascis' first solo album and a more accessible one, and Where You Been (1993), featuring new bassist Mike Johnson and delving into introspective melodrama, became mere routine.

The Pixies (12), led by vocalist Black Francis (real name Charles Thompson, but later better known as Frank Black) and guitarist Joey Santiago, created another reference standard with their eccentric garage-pop that subverted many cliches of the rock song. Bassist Kim Deal co-wrote some of the best material. Introduced by the ebullient EP Come On Pilgrim (1987), a stunning stylistic excursion that ranged from demented exotica to irreverent roots-rock a` la Violent Femmes, their eclectic talent blossomed on Surfer Rosa (1988). A triumph of the imagination, it took punk-rock to places where it had never been before. Black Francis' slightly psychotic howl and Deal's shimmering warble met Pere Ubu's tortured exuberance, without sacrificing too much to intellectual abstraction. In fact the songs were anchored in the familiar structures of hard-rock and power-pop. It was, mainly, an exercise in controlled violence. More focused and tighter, Doolittle (1989) was simply a formidable display of impeccable songwriting by a team of highly creative musicians. After Bossanova (1990), a failed experiment with easy-listening, Trompe Le Monde (1991), basically a Francis solo, partially returned to the verve of the early days, but, overall, the last two albums were to the first two albums what the music-hall is to the garage.

The South's art-punk 1985-87

A school was being born in Kentucky that would be influential throughout the 1990s. Its early leaders were bands at the crossroads between roots-rock and noise-rock, and Tara Key's Antietam (1) were the most typical in bridging those two styles, i.e. the South and Sonic Youth, the rural and the urban sound, tradition and modernism. The savage and awkward playing on Antietam (1985) was emblematic of the distance that separated the new generation from the generation of the Fetchin Bones.

Squirrel Bait (1) only recorded an EP (1985) and a full-length album, Skag Heaven (1987). Loosely affiliated to Husker Du's pop-core, their sound broke new ground in the way it juxtaposed loud guitars and tragic vocals. After the band's break-up, its main members would contribute to the birth and evolution of genres such as grunge, slo-core and post-rock.

Blind Idiot God (12), hailing from St Louis (Missouri), were an instrumental power-trio that predated both post-rock and grunge, and that took inspiration from both MC5, Jimi Hendrix, John Coltrane and Glenn Branca. Blind Idiot God (1987) unwound an explosive mix of hardcore, heavy-metal and space-rock, dressed up with spices of reggae and funk. The ugly geometry of its mini-rock symphonies had few precedents in popular music. The trio topped that masterpiece with the seismic wall of sound of Undertow (1988) and the erudite funk-jazz-reggae-metal crossover of Cyclotron (1992).

The wildly schizoid jazz-core instrumental combo Alter Natives (1), formed in Virginia by saxophonist Eric Ungar, matched the progressive sound of Los Angeles' jazzcore bands (Minutemen, Saccharine Trust) at least on their debut album, Hold Your Tongue (1986).

Tennessee's Phantom Tollbooth (1), too, attempted to fuse hardcore and prog-rock (in a more refined manner than Minutemen) on One-way Conversation (1987).

San Francisco 1984-88

San Francisco continued to be at the cutting edge of new music. Its scene adapted to the style and issues of hardcore with the usual dose of idealism, creativity and wit. The new "eccentrics" were closer in spirit to the early years of the new wave than to the latter days of noise-rock.

Tragic Mulatto (12) debuted with the eight-song mini-album Judo For The Blind (1984), a pandemonium of spastic, minimal and primitive concepts, a colossal tribute to nonsense. Pared down to a quartet, Tragic Mulatto's ridicule circus concocted Locos Por El Sexo (1987), an artistic paradox that is the musical equivalent of a descent to hell, a relentless romp of indecent bacchanals led by Flatula Lee Roth's saxophone and tuba and by her anthemic, Grace Slick-ian vocal phrasing. An eight-member outfit recorded Hot Man Pussy (1989), which expanded the palette to heavy-metal and ethnic music, while Roth launched into witchy spasms and blaspheme exorcisms. Even more psychedelic and exotic, Roth reveled in even more perverted and lugubrious shrieks on Chartreuse Toulouse (1990), their swan song.

Slovenly (3) evolved from Saccharine Trust's jazz-core. Since their debut album, the tentative After The Original Style (1985), they embraced a bizarre fusion of electronic, funk and jazz, arranged with saxophone, violin and trumpet. Things Fall Apart, on We Shoot For The Moon (1989), is their equivalent of Ornette Coleman's free-jazz, while Highway to Hanno's (1992) perfected their style at the border between avantgarde and music-hall.

Thinking Fellers Union Local 282 (12) were remnants of San Francisco's hippie/freak culture of the 1960s, and heirs to the Residents' theatrical madness. Tangle (1989) and especially Lovelyville (1991) collected eccentric, amateurish, irreverent and manic-depressive miniatures that overflowed with echoes of the most disparate genres (free-jazz jamming, funeral music, heavy-metal riffs, Indian pow-wow music, folk lullabies). The unifying theme of these musical landmines was the performance, which evoked the Holy Modal Rounders in their most irrational moments. There was no limit to human imagination in the demented cabaret of Mother Of All Saints (1992), a chaotic excursus through jazz, bluegrass, exotica, Ennio Moriccone and Frank Zappa, a super-collage of sonic debris assembled by vocalist Anne Eickelberg, percussionist Jay Paget, multi-instrumentalists Brian Hageman and Mark Davies on a wealth of instruments. Faithful to Dada's principle of art as a paradox, the band was at its childish peak. Then they retreated to the amusing surrealism of Strangers From The Universe (1994) and jumped on the "lo-fi pop" bandwagon with I Hope It Lands (1996) and Bob Dinners And Larry Noodles Present Tubby Turdner's Celebrity Avalanche (2001).

Sharkbait (1) were more like a circus than a rock band, but Feed Our Frenzy (1988) nonetheless unloaded a chaotic mass of hard-rock riffs, found percussions, samples and electronic noises.

Dream-pop 1987-89

A humbler act, Hugo Largo (11), took the best that noise-rock had to offer, and wed it to classical music and to British dream-pop. Drum (1987) could be defined as a meeting of ecstatic acid-rock and austere chamber music. Its ethereal lieder and exotic lullabies roamed a stylistic landscape that extended from Tim Buckley to new-age music. Mettle (1989) increased the hypnotic effect with another batch of jazz, folk, medieval and Indian fusion.

Similar projects were conducted, with similar humility, in Georgia by Linda Hopper's OH-OK, who recorded only two EPs, and in North Carolina by the Blackgirls (1), another female band that released a superb document of existential angst and Raincoats-like eccentric pop, Procedure (1989), and the more folk-ish Happy (1991).

Louisville's post-rock 1989

The single most important regional school at the turn of the decade may well have been the one that came from one of the most unlikely of musical scenes and the one that sold the least records: Kentucky's "post-rock". Louisville's musicians introduced a convoluted, angular, cerebral style, that had little in common with rock'n'roll's edonistic foundations. Basically, theirs was progressive-rock for an age that did not appreciate emphatic emotions anymore. The origins of this school go back to Squirrel Bait. From their ashes a number of bands were born: guitarist Brian McMahan formed Slint and For Carnation; guitarist David Grubbs formed Bastro, Bitch Magnet, and Gastr Del Sol; vocalist Peter Searcy formed Big Wheel.

Slint (101), who also featured drummer Britt Walford, bassist Ethan Buckler and guitarist David Pajo, represented a major shift in musical purpose: they were more intimidating than exciting. The mostly-instrumental music of Tweez (1989) kept the tension and the neurosis of hardcore but lost the passion and the narrative logic. It was "pointless" music. It was a stylistic black hole which sucked the history of rock music, in which the history of rock music virtually ended. It wasn't exactly acid-rock, although it indulged in similar free-form approach, it wasn't progressive-rock although it exhibited the same brainy stance, it wasn't heavy-metal, although it relied on forceful guitar work, it wasn't free-jazz or avantgarde classical music, although it shared with them a penchant for innovative structures. Spiderland (1991) was even more abstract. Its harmonic zigzags through irregular tempos, fractured melodies and discordant counterpoint were as disorienting as notes scribbled in an unknown language. Vapid moribund passages were inundated by sudden tidal waves of sound, or, better, given the glacial tone of the band's jamming, arctic quiet was shaken by icebergs cracking in the ocean. The whole album flew in a dis-organic manner, but still retained an odd sense of unity. It sounded like the stream of consciousness of a mathematician's brain as it was solving a difficult theorem.

In the meantime, the explosive metal-punk mix of Bitch Magnet (11) highlighted the innovative styles of guitarist David Grubbs, debuted in earnest on Bastro's Diablo Guapo (1989), and vocalist Sooyoung Park. Umber (1989) was a magnificent essay on how destructive and constructive processes could coexist in art, of how the irrational (fear, angst, anger) and the rational (determination, calculation, cold execution) could coexist within the same narrative. Alien riffs, psychotic melodies and truculent rhythms carried over to Ben Hur (1990), that reduced the role of vocals to mere decoration.

King Kong parodied B52's and Talking Heads on amusing collections such as Funny Farm (1993).