| Afghanistan | Mullah Hibatullah Akhundzada | 2021 | Taliban coup |
| Albania | Sali Berisha | 2005 | national elections |
| Algeria | Abdelmadjid Tebboune | 2019 | national elections |
| Angola | Joao Lourenco | 2017 | national elections |
| Argentina | Javier Milei | 2023 | national elections |
| Armenia | Nikol Pashinyan | 2018 | appointed by parliament |
| Australia | Scott Morrison | 2018 | intra-party fighting |
| Austria | Alexander Schallenberg | 2021 | succeeded resigning chancellor |
| Azerbaijan | Ilham Aliyev | 2003 | succeeds father |
| Bahamas | Hubert Ingraham | 2007 | national election |
| Bangladesh | Sheikh Hasina | 2009 | national election |
| Belarus | Alexander Lukashenko | 1994 | inherited presidency from communism |
| Belgium | Elio Di Rupo | 2011 | appointed by parliament |
| Bhutan | Jigmi Kinley | 2008 | national election |
| Bolivia | Luis Arce | 2020 | national elections |
| Botswana | Duma Boko | 2024 | national elections |
| Brazil | Lula | 2022 | national election |
| Britain | Keir Starmer | 2024 | national elections |
| Bulgaria | Plamen Oresharski | 2013 | national election |
| Burkina Faso | Roch Marc Christian Kabore | 2015 | national election |
| Burundi | Evariste Ndayishimiye | 2020 | national elections |
| Cambodia | Hun Sen | 1997 | coup |
| Cameroon | Paul Biya | 1982 | succeeded dead president |
| Canada | Stephen Harper | 2006 | national elections |
| Centrafrica | Faustin Archange Touadera | 2016 | elections |
| Chad | Idriss Deby | 1990 | coup |
| Chile | Gabriel Boric | 2022 | national election |
| China | Xi Jinping | 2012 | appointed by communist party |
| Colombia | Gustavo Petro | 2022 | national elections |
| Congo | Joseph Kabila | 2000 | succeeded father who was assassinated |
| Congo Brazzaville | Denis Sassou-Nguesso | 1997 | after civil war |
| Costa Rica | Carlos Alvarado | 2018 | national election |
| Croatia | Kolinda Grabar-Kitarovic | 2015 | national election |
| Cuba | Miguel Diaz-Canel Bermudez | 2018 | appointed by communist party |
| South Cyprus | Demetris Christofias | 2008 | national elections |
| North Cyprus | Dervish Eroglu | 2010 | national elections |
| Czech Republic | Andrej Babis | 2017 | national elections |
| Denmark | Anders Fogh Rasmussen | ? | national elections |
| Dominicana | Danilo Medina | 2012 | national elections |
| East Timor | Jose Ramos-Horta | 2007 | national elections |
| Ecuador | Daniel Oboa | 2023 | national elections |
| Egypt | Abdul Fattah al-Sisi | 2014 | military coup |
| El Salvador | Tony Saca | 2004 | national elections |
| Equatorial Guinea | Teodoro Obiang Nguema | 1979 | coup |
| Eritrea | Issaias Afwerki | 1991 | since independence |
| Estonia | Arnold Ruutel | ? | national elections |
| Ethiopia | Abiy Ahmed | 2018 | replacing resigning prime minister |
| Finland | Alexander Stubb | 2024 | national elections |
| France | Emmanuel Macron | 2017 | national election |
| Gabon | El Hadj Omar Bongo | 1967 | succeeded dead president |
| Gambia | Adama Barrow | 2017 | national elections |
| Georgia | Salome Zurabishvili | 2018 | national elections |
| Germany | Olaf Scholz | 2022 | government coalition |
| Ghana | Nana Akufo-Addo | 2016 | national election |
| Greece | Kyriakos Mitsotakis | 2019 | national election |
| Guatemala | Bernardo Arevalo | 2023 | national election |
| Guinea | Moussa Dadis Camara | 2008 | coup |
| Guyana | David Granger | 2015 | elections |
| Haiti | Jovenel Moise | 2017 | national election |
| Honduras | Juan Orlando Hernandez | 2013 | national elections |
| Hungary | Viktor Orban | 2010 | national election |
| Iawar | Yustole Dispage | 2004 | national election |
| Iceland | Johanna Sigurdardottir | 2009 | appointed during national crisis |
| India | Nerendra Modi | 2014 | national election |
| Indonesia | Prabowo Subianto | 2024 | national elections |
| Iran | Masoud Pezeshkian | 2024 | national election |
| Iraq /td> | Mohammed Shia al-Sudani | 2022 | appointed by parliament |
| Ireland /td> | Leo Varadkar | 2017 | elected by parliament |
| Israel | Benjamin Netanyahu | 2022 | national election |
| Italy | Giorgia Meloni | 2022 | national election |
| Ivory Coast | Alassane Ouattara | 2011 | national elections and revolution |
| Jamaica | Andrew Holness | 2016 | national elections |
| Japan | Fumio Kishida | 2021 | appointed by parliament |
| Jordan | King Abdullah | 1999 | succeeded his father |
| Kazakhstan | Kassym Jomart-Tokayev | 2019 | succeeded resigning dictator |
| Kenya | William Ruto | 2022 | national election |
| Korea (South) | Suk-yeol Yoon | 2022 | national election |
| Korea (North) | Jong-un Kim | 2011 | succeeded his father |
| Kuwait | Sabah al-Ahmad | 2006 | death of sheik |
| Kyrgyzstan | Sooronbai Jeenbekov | 2017 | elections |
| Latvia | Vaira Vike-Freiberga | ? | national election |
| Lebanon | Fouad Siniora | national elections | 2005 |
| Liberia | Joseph Boakai | 2023 | national elections |
| Libya | Mahmoud Jibril | 2012 | national elections |
| Lithuania | Dalia Grybauskaite | 2009 | national elections |
| Madagascar | Hery Rajaonarimampianina | 2014 | national elections |
| Malawi | Lazarus Chakwera | 2020 | national elections |
| Malaysia | Abdullah Badawi | 2003 | succeeded retiring president |
| Maldives | Mohammed Waheed Hassan | 2012 | replaced resigning president |
| Mali | Bah N'Daou | 2020 | appointed after military coup |
| Mauritania | Maaouya Ould Taya | 1984 | coup |
| Mexico | Claudia Sheinbaum | 2024 | national election |
| Moldova | Maia Sandu | 2019 | national election |
| Mongolia | Ukhnaa Khurelsukh | 2021 | national elections |
| Morocco | Mohammed VI | 1999 | succeeded his father |
| Mozambique | Filipe Nyusi | 2015 | national elections |
| Myanmar/Burma | Thein Sein | 2011 | appointed president |
| Namibia | Nangolo Mbumba | 2024 | succeeded dead president |
| Nepal | Baburam Bhattarai | 2015 | Bidhya Devi Bhandar |
| Netherlands | Jan Peter Balkenende | 2002 | national election |
| New Zealand | Helen Clark | 1999 | national election |
| Nicaragua | Daniel Ortega | 2006 | national election |
| Niger | Mohamed Bazoum | 2021 | national election |
| Nigeria | Bola Tinubu | 2023 | national elections |
| Norway | Erna Solberg | 2013 | national elections |
| Oman | Haitham bin Tariq Al Said | 2020 | succeeded dead sultan |
| Pakistan | Imran Khan | 2018 | national elections |
| Palestine | Mahmoud Abbas | 2005 | national elections, but occupied by Israel |
| Panama | Carlos Varela | 2014 | national elections |
| Papua New Guinea | Mekere Morauta | ???? | ??? |
| Paraguay | Federico Franco | 2012 | appointed by senate |
| Peru | Dina Boluarte | 2022 | replaced president removed by parliament |
| Philippines | Digong Duterte. | 2016 | national elections |
| Poland | Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz | 2005 | national elections |
| Portugal | Jose Socrates | 2005 | national election |
| Qatar | Hamad al-Thani | ??? | emir |
| Romania | Traian Basescu | 2005 | national elections |
| Russia | Dmitry Medvedev | 2008 | appointed by predecessor |
| Rwanda | Paul Kagame | 1994 | prevailed in civil war |
| Sahrawi | Mohammad Abdelaziz | 199? | ? |
| Saudi Arabia | Fahd bin 'Abdulaziz | 1982 | succeeds his brother |
| Senegal | Bassirou Diomaye Faye | 2024 | national elections |
| Serbia | Aleksandr Vucic | 2017 | national elections |
| Sierra Leone | Julius Maada Bio | 2018 | national elections |
| Singapore | Lawrence Wong | 2024 | succeeded departing prime minister |
| Slovakia | Robert Fico | 2006 | national elections |
| Slovenia | Janez Drnovsek | 2002 | national elections |
| Somalia | Hassan Mohammud | 2012 | elected by parliament |
| Somaliland | Dahir Riyale Kahnim | 2005 | elections |
| South Africa | Cyril Ramaphosa | 2018 | succeeds resigning president |
| South Sudan | Salva Kiir Mayardit | 2011 | independence |
| Spain | Pedro Sanchez | 2018 | succeeded prime minister involved in scandals |
| Sri Lanka | Ranil Wickremesinghe | 2022 | appointed by parliament |
| Sudan | Abdalla Hamdok | 2019 | revolution |
| Suriname | Desi Bouterse | 2010 | national elections |
| Sweden | Ulf Kristersson | 2022 | appointed by parliament |
| Sydewascar | Yustol Dispage | 1996 | coup |
| Syria | Bashar Assad | 2000 | succeeded his father |
| Taiwan | Ching-te "William" Lai 2024- /td> | 2024 | national election |
| Tajikistan | Emomali Rakhmon | 1992 | appointed by supreme council |
| Tanzania | Samia Hassan | 2021 | succeeds dead president |
| Thailand | Prayuth Chan-ocha | 2014 | military coup |
| Tibet | Dalai Lama | ??? | in exile since China invaded Tibet |
| Togo | Gnassingbe Eyadema | 1967 | coup |
| Trinidad | Kamia Persad-Bissessar | 2010 | elections |
| Tunisia | Kais Saied | 2019 | national elections |
| Turkey | Recep Tayyip Erdogan | 2003 | elections |
| Turkmenistan | Gurbanguli Berdymukhamedov | 2006 | succeeded dead president |
| Uganda | Yoweri Museveni | 1986 | prevailed in civil war |
| Ukraine | Volodymyr Zelensky | 2019 | national elections |
| United Arab Emirates | Khalifa ibn-Zayed | 2004 | succeeded his father |
| United States of America | Donald Trump | 2017 | appointed by electoral college |
| Uruguay | Luis Lacalle Pou | 2020 | national election |
| USA | Donald Trump | 2025 | national election |
| Uzbekistan | Shavkat Mirziyoyev | 2016 | succeeded dead dictator |
| Venezuela | Nicolas Maduro | 2013 | succeeded dead president |
| Vietnam | To Lam | 2024 | appointed by communist party |
| Yemen | Mahdi al-Mashat | 2015 | overthrows government |
| Zambia | Hakainde Hichilema | 2021 | elections |
| Zimbabwe | Emmerson Mnangagwa | 2017 | succeeds deposed dictator Mugabe |