During the first half of the 1990s, pop music vastly outnumbered underground/experimental music. It was the revenge of melody, after a quarter of a century of progressive sounds. A cycle that began with the demise of the Beatles and the rise of alternative/progressive rock, and that continued with the German and Canterbury schools of the 1970s, and then punk-rock and the new wave, and peaked with the alt-rock and college-pop of the 1980s, came to an abrupt, grinding halt in the 1990s.

The more fashionable and rewarding route was, however, the one that coasted the baroque pop of latter-day Beach Boys, Van Dyke Parks, Big Star and XTC, the one that coupled catchy refrains and lush arrangements. The single most important school may have been San Francisco's, which had originated in the 1980s with the Sneetches. Jellyfish (2), featuring guitarist Jason Falkner, wrote perhaps the most impeccable melodies of the time. Bellybutton (? 1989/? 1990 - jul 1990), a milestone of naive, bubblegum melodic music inspired by Merseybeat and later Beach Boys, was both cartoonish and shimmering, while the arrangements on Spilt Milk (apr/sep 1992 - feb 1993) were almost baroque.

Other devoted followers were Imperial Teen, led by former Faith No More's keyboardist Roddy Bottum, the Mommyheads, MK Ultra, Overwhelming Colorfast, Smash Mouth, Orange Peels, masters of the retro` on Square (may 1995/dec 1996 - aug 1997), Beulah, with Handsome Western States (jan 1996/apr 1997 - nov 1997), etc.

In Seattle, the melodic tradition of the Green Pajamas and the Young Fresh Fellows was continued by Juan Atkins' project, 764-Hero, with Get Here And Stay (jun 1998 - oct 1998), and by Super Deluxe with Famous (? ? - oct 1995).

Elsewhere, similar sounds were produced by Velvet Crush in Rhode Island; Material Issue in Chicago, with International Pop Overthrow (? 1988/? jan 1991 - feb 1991); Rembrandts in Los Angeles; etc.

The Eggs (1), in Virginia, were among the most creative, particularly on their second album, Exploder (? 1993 - feb 1994), that featured exotic instruments, synthesizer, trombone, and oboe.

New York-based Fountains Of Wayne, on the other hand, became the USA's prime Brit-poppers through Fountains Of Wayne (jan/apr 1996 - oct 1996) and Utopia Parkway (? 1998 - apr 1999).

Quite unique was the style of the Ben Folds Five in North Carolina, because keyboardist and vocalist Folds was an unusual disciple of Todd Rundgren and Elton John, best heard on the ballads of Ben Folds Five (feb 1995 - jul 1995).

In Oklahoma, Tyson Meade's Chainsaw Kittens (1) launched a revival of glam-pop with Violent Religion (? ? - oct 1990), a concentrate of Aerosmith, New York Dolls, T. Rex, Cheap Trick, Patti Smith, Stooges, Velvet Underground, etc. Glam-pop's comeback continued with Sponge in New York, and Running With Scissors in Seattle.

In Texas, the hyper-pop muzak of Tim DeLaughter's Tripping Daisy evolved from the sugary Bill (? 1991/? 1992 - ? 1992) to the grandiose and baroque Jesus Hits Like The Atom Bomb (oct/dec 1997 - apr 1998).

Canada's most successful pop bands were the Barenaked Ladies, revealed by Gordon (? 1991/mar 1992 - jul 1992), and the Crash Test Dummies, with God Shuffled His Feet (? 1993 - oct 1993).

Non-pop 1990-95

The Pixies invented the most creative form of pop of the 1980s, one that conveyed the fractured tics of hardcore punk-rock and the enigmatic dynamics of the new wave into a melodic format that was not straightforward at all but sounded like it. The greatest disciples of the Pixies' late quirky-pop sound were the Breeders (2), a supergroup featuring the Pixies' bassist Kim Deal (now on guitar) and the Throwing Muses' guitarist Tanya Donelly. Pod (jan 1990 - may 1990) explored a broad range of tones, from the ecstatic nursery-rhyme of a naive little girl to the harsh, syncopated riff of a hard-rock band. The band continued to blur daydreaming and nightmare on Last Splash (? 1990/? 1993 - aug 1993), having replaced Donelly with Kim's twin sister Kelley, an even more powerful post-feminist statement that employs an even wider repertory of "voices" (girl-groups, jangling folk-rock, country, even grunge). Donelly went on to create Belly (1) and craft the charming and subtly primitive Star (? 1992 - jan 1993), while the twins remained more faithful to the eccentric rhetoric of the Pixies, Kim with the Amps and Pacer (? 1995 - oct 1995), and Kelly with the Kelly Deal 6000 and Go To The Sugar Altar (? ? - jun 1996).

Boston was also the home base of one of the greatest bands of the decade, Morphine (112), a guitar-less trio whose style borrowed heavily from blues and jazz but shared with the Pixies the same casual, detached approach to melody. Three masterpieces established them among the masters of the "noir" atmosphere. Good (? 1991/? 1992 - sep 1992) highlighted their ability to turn ballads and rockers into metaphysical dialogues between bass and saxophone. The languid crooning of former Treat Her Right's bassist Mark Sandman, who chiseled one of the most evocative voices of the era, added another layer of meaning, a Tom Waits-like mourner and Nick Cave-like preacher floating inside the stark, unreal, heavy fog of the music. The trio contrived melodies that offered a quiet vivisection of post-industrial anxiety. Sandman refined the way he rode (like a surfer) the gloomy and occasionally even lugubrious lines of Dana Colley's saxophone on Cure For Pain (? 1993 - sep 1993), a less claustrophobic and more accessible work, featuring drummer Billy Conway (also ex-Treat Her Right). Yes (? 1994/early 1995 - mar 1995) followed the route that seemed less congenial to the trio, by emphasizing rhythm over melody. Less depressed and distressed, it almost sounded like a return to rock'n'roll and rhythm'n'blues of the 1950s. Their representation of reality provided an anti-spectacular synthesis of transcendental and mundane elements, additionally soaked into premonitions of a merciless destiny. After the mediocre Like Swimming (? 1996 - mar1997), Morphine's last album, The Night (early 1999 - feb 2000), released after Sandman died of a heart attack on-stage in 1999, turned out to be both their most introspective and their most orchestrated work (piano, cello, horns, organ and choir).

Georgia was still a favorable turf for alternative pop. Magnapop (1), the band of vocalist Linda Hopper and guitarist Ruthie Morris, played in a style halfway between folk-rock and hard-rock on Magnapop (dec 1990/mar 1992 - oct 1992). Toenut delivered unsettling tunes on Information (feb 1993/? 1995 - jul 1995).

Los Angeles' Madder Rose (2) was an oddly schizophrenic band that relied on the contrast/friction (rather than the amalgam/fusion) of Billy Cote's abrasive guitar and Mary Lorson's sweet vocals. Bring It Down (sep 1992 - feb 1993) and Panic On (? 1993 - mar 1994) were poetic, idyllic works whose mood fluctuated between autumnal singalongs and tormented rockers. They converted to trip-hop with Tragic Magic (? ? - jul 1997) and reinvented themselves with the surreal stylistic melange of Hello June Fool (? ? - aug 1999).

Also in Los Angeles, Further (1) toyed with Dinosaur Jr-style noise-pop on Sometimes Chimes (? 1993 - apr 1994).

North Carolina, which had become one of the main centers for alternative rock, was also one of the venues in which musicians truly tried to speak new melodic languages.

The brand of power-pop concocted by the Archers Of Loaf (2) on Icky Mettle (? 1993 - sep 1993) and Vee Vee (aug 1994 - mar 1995) mixed the eccentric dynamics of the Pixies and the anthemic tone of the Replacements, and added a generous dose of Television's guitar noise. Archers Of Loaf's guitarist/vocalist Eric Bachmann (1), disguised as Barry Black (spr 1995 - oct 1995), revealed his real self (and ambitions) with a program of all-instrumental chamber music that was both demented and virtuosic. His next project, Crooked Fingers (1), capitalized on that experiment for a chaotic and eclectic repertory of carefully-arranged, dark, pensive ballads, particularly on their second album Bring On The Snakes (fall 2000 - feb 2001).

Other notable albums of the North Carolina school were Small 23's True Zero Hook (? 1993 - sep 1993) and Spatula's second album Medium Planers and Matchers (oct/nov 1995 - apr 1996).

Franklin Bruno's Nothing Painted Blue (1) in Los Angeles experimented with an introverted and intellectual form of power-pop on their second album Power Trips Down Lovers Lane (? ? - may 1993).

Vancouver's Superconductor, led by Carl Newman, toyed with a bizarre six-guitar line-up on the loud and tuneful Hit Songs For Girls (? ? - sep 1993) and the rock opera Bastardsong (? ? - may 1996).

Holland was perhaps the most fertile place for college-pop, outside the USA. The Dutch contingent was led by Daryll-Ann (1), who pursued an implosion of country-rock and folk-rock stereotypes on their lyrical third album Weeps (jan/feb 1996 - jun 1996), and Bettie Serveert (1), who served cold clever melodies on Palomine (? ? - oct 1992).

Lounge-pop 1990-94

A brief fad in the USA was "lounge-pop", that was rediscovered in Rhode Island by Combustible Edison: the soundtrack to their "Combustible Edison Heliotropic Oriental Mambo and Foxtrot Orchestra", partly collected on I, Swinger (aug 1993 - mar 1994), was its manifesto, while their third disc, The Impossible World (apr/may 1998 - jun 1998), wed it to the other big fad of the time, trip-hop.

In Canada, Zumpano, the new project of singer/guitarist Carl Newman, fully acknowledged that zeitgeist on their second album, Goin' Through Changes (? ? - sep 1996), adopting lounge music and easy-listening within the alt-rock framework.

In Sweden the Cardigans wrapped Nina Persson's soft, sensual and dreamy phrasing around sophisticated and lush lounge-pop arrangements, notably on their second album Life (? 1994 - mar 1995).

Two Georgia bands flirted with easy-listening: Jody Grind, whose vibrant jazzy vocalist Kelly Hogan propelled One Man's Trash Is Another Man's Treasure (aug 1989 - may 1990), and the Opal Foxx Quartet, with the elaborate The Love That Won't Shut Up (? ? - ? 1993).

Seattle's Satchel (1), featuring Pigeonhed's vocalist Shawn Smith, crafted elegant pop-soul-jazz ballads, inspired by both Steely Dan and Prince, on EDC (? 1993 - jul 1994).